Month: December 2020

Core companies are the companies which offer jobs to aspirants in a particular domain which is excelled by them during their academic years. It allows them to explore knowledge and test their abilities. For instance, electrical engineers are offered jobs in companies which deal with power generation, transmission and distribution. Similarly, for mechanical engineers and electronics engineers jobs offered are usually in automobiles, machine design sectors and design of circuit chips respectively. These companies are critical to the economic growth of the country. Thus, they ensure greater stability and job security to the employees.

In other words, it can be said that core companies such as Bajaj, Mahindra, etc. are those companies which do not indulge in bulk-hiring like IT or Sales & Marketing companies. Nowadays after completing B.TECH, engineers are mostly hired by mass hiring IT or Sales & Marketing companies like WIPRO and INFOSYS. It’s a common thing how engineers fail to secure their jobs in the core companies and the main reason behind this is the poor quality of technical education provided by technical Institutes in India, except IITs and some other technical Institutes. Most of the engineering colleges in India provide a substandard education to students.

CP Gurnani, CEO & MD of Tech Mahindra, says that 94% of engineering graduates are not fit for hiring. According to the data provided by the HRD Ministry, India has 6,214 engineering and technology institutions which are enrolling 2.9 million students. Around 1.5 million engineers are released into the job market every year. But the pathetic condition of higher education in India results in inadequate skills which lessens the chances of an individual of being employed. As many as 97% of graduating engineers want jobs either in Software Engineering or Core Engineering while only 3% engineers have suitable skills to be employed in Software or Product Market, and just 7% of engineers can handle Core Engineering tasks. Presently, it’s a common thing how most of the engineers join an IT sector job instead of their core sector and there are a lot of reasons behind it, which are as follows:

• Incapable engineers: After getting a B.Tech degree, no engineer is capable of doing work without at least 6 months or one year of training. This is a burden for companies so they are putting freshers aside with a simple word “experience”. But the point is that if no one will hire freshers then how will they get experience? To gain experience, they need to work, but the funny thing is that almost every company rejects freshers by saying them, they don’t enough work experience.
• Outdated syllabus: The technology is changing drastically but the syllabus of the colleges is not changing linearly. In India, we have a very outdated syllabus for studies in almost every field. How can someone studying old mechanisms and technology can work well in these days where technology changes rapidly? Courses are not oriented towards areas which will be helpful in real-world problems. There is a huge difference between what the need of the job market is and what is included in the syllabus of future employees. Mr. Siddharth Bharwani once said, “The traditional education sector in India has not evolved at the same pace as the industry. The expectations that the companies have from their candidates and the skills that engineering graduates bring in, do not match.”
• Less capable teachers: In institutes, it’s seen that many faculty members have not achieved the level of quality which is required for teaching higher studies students. Teachers just want to finish the syllabus and leave the students. They try to follow a traditional way of teaching which is inefficient. They should motivate the students to focus on learning rather than studying.
• Going for higher studies: Some students just assume in their mind that a Bachelor’s degree is not enough to get a good job and because of this instead of putting the effort in Bachelor’s degree they just start their preparation for Master’s degree.
• The state of the economy also plays a major role in employment generation. Industry insiders say that in a strained economic condition, companies do not want to spend much on training and would prefer candidates with some skills sets who can be made billable soon.
• IT sector development: For the past 10 years, I.T sectors developed all over India and many people got jobs but some core sectors like Electronics, Communication, Mechanical, Electrical etc. so students are not enrolled in this type of core department.
• Below standard facilities provided by institutes: Even in this modern era, our studies are highly rated by theories and marks. In India, many colleges don’t have good labs, ponder how one can make a car just by studying theory!? We focus on theory papers much more in our academics and put the practical aside, then how can one imagine that engineers can face real-world problems? Suppose there are 2 students, one has a very strong theoretical knowledge about making of a transformer and the second student has a piece of practical knowledge about the same thing, according to our education system, the former student is very good as he will be able to get a job because he will secure good marks in exams and the latter student will not! But this is a wrong assumption.
• Lack of soft skills and communication skills: “The lack of ability of the individual to deliver his views effectively at the interview leads to the rejection of even the most brilliant candidate. This is because training institutes do not make an effort to ensure that the candidates develop their skills in a wholesome manner which can contribute towards client-handling and team communication skills”, says Siddharth Bharwani. Even the IT sector requires employees who are fluent and well versed in English but the reality is 73.63% engineers lack in English communicative skills and 57.96% have low analytical and quantitative skills.

• ‘The big colleges’ hype: According to some reports, companies only tend to visit top colleges to hire aspirants and thus usually they neglect job applications of students who belong to not well-known colleges.

Despite all these reasons, lack of innovation and research in the academic years and lack of skill-based education system are the biggest elements behind the unemployment of the engineers. In this 21st century, we are teaching our students in a very old manner. We are focused on ‘studying’ not on ‘learning’, further, theoretical knowledge is rated as higher than practical knowledge and the funny thing is, the practical knowledge provided to engineers is also outdated! Higher education bodies of India need to sit and think about it and have to address this issue as soon as possible because it’s an alarming situation for the development and stability of the nation.

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Report by Devesh

Almost all of us are familiar with a black hole. A region in space time where gravity is so strong that even light can’t defy its gravity. But what if you are on a trip of cosmos and you find a white hole. Not sure, may you find one? Tighten your seat belts, now it’s your turn to explore a thrilling creature of cosmos.

A white hole is a time-reversed black hole or simply white holes are mirror twins of a black hole. in simpler terms, all the properties possessed by a black hole when reversed we simply get a white hole. Both share precisely the same mathematics and geometry, this makes the white hole more interesting. Imagine you are watching footage of black hole just pauses it and rewind it, now the footage on your screen is of a white hole.

A white hole is a sphere of no admission. Even light can’t enter a white hole. It simply means light can only leave the white hole. A white hole can be considered as a sphere whose center is a singularity and boundary is called the event horizon. For a black hole event horizon is a point no exit and for the white hole, it is a point of no entry.

Here we come across a term singularity. What singularity is? Okay, come let’s do some math. Take a sphere of mass 10kg and volume 1m^3.calculate its density. It’s quite simple, 10kg/m^3 is the right answer. What if the volume of sphere tends to zero, its density will become infinite. Now u have a sphere with an infinite density or we can say all of its mass compressed into a single point. This is what we call a singularity. Along with infinite density, it adds up the property of infinite gravity too.

Ideas for the formation of a white hole:

1. A black hole devours every object which comes under its way and shatters it into atomic or subatomic particles. Every object has information in it which get stored in a black hole. Black hole evaporates slowly and gets vanished. As the black hole evaporates, what about all the information within? This is what called black hole information paradox. According to some astronomers, the black hole has a hole inside it which opens into a white hole through a tunnel called a wormhole or Einstein Rosen bridge. Einstein Rosen Bridge is an imaginary shortcut to another universe. White hole let all the information escape in another universe. But what if matter falling into the wormhole will cause it to collapse, closing the passage between the black hole and the white hole. Some astronomers suggest that wormholes are made up of exotic matter. Anti-gravity is one of the unique feature of such matters. Exotic matter repels another object instead of pulling it. Exotic matters may be the cause of our accelerating expansion of the universe.
2. More or fewer things often come in binaries and are complementary to each other like male-female, day-night, dusk-dawn. White holes to feel like a necessary balance to the black hole. When a black hole is in its last stage it eventually turns into a white hole and spews all the matters gathered by a black hole.

3. It have been speculated that big bang is itself a white hole. A bang was a blast which spewed all the raw material of the universe and no one can enter in the bang itself. This bang looks, mathematically at least, much like a white hole.

Feasibility of a white hole:

What do you think the white hole follow the laws of nature, of course not. Every natural reaction is irreversible and highly spontaneous. Every spontaneous reaction follows SLOT (second law of thermodynamics). SLOT tells about the entropy of the isolated system. According to SLOT, if we consider a system as isolated its entropy never going to be decrease. Entropy is a measure of the degree of disorderliness. Black hole follows SLOT but the white hole fails to follow it.

For instance, let’s consider an apple. It has some value of entropy. Now cut into 4 parts, by doing so the randomness of the apple increase and so does the entropy. This is what happens near a black hole. Any object near a black hole undergoes a process called,” spaghettification”. Spaghettigication is a process by which an object would be stretched and ripped apart by gravitational forces. If you are near a black hole, your head and toe experience a different gravitational pull of nearly infinite magnitude and u will shatter into pieces. Now come back to the apple try to fix the apple pieces into a whole apple. You can’t do so, if somehow you managed to do fix it, you are just lowering its entropy. This is what a white hole do, fix all the shattered part of an object undergone spaghettification and spew it into another universe. As white holes do not follow SLOT, the possibility of its existence is quite negligible. Our universe is vast may white holes exist in some part of the universe.

Do white holes exist?

What if you are told, whatever, you are reading is just a fictional description of mathematical imagination. Yaa, that’s true, in the real universe no white holes exist, or more correctly no white holes discovered so far, May it exists. Like black holes, white holes too are a possible solution to Einstein theory of general relativity. Don’t feel disappointed.  There are some evidence which point out the existence of a white hole. In 2006 NASA’S Swift satellite recorded an extremely powerful gamma-ray outburst and named it “GBR060614”. These are the most luminous energetic explosion known to the world till now. The mesmerizing fact of this outburst is that, this burst didn’t happened in the part of the universe where it was expected. Its property is also different from gamma rays observed from a supernova burst. It lasts long for 102 seconds. This outburst was hypothesized to have been an observation of white holes.

If we date back in the ’90s   black hole too was just a paper fantasy. But now scientists had discovered the black hole and successfully captured its image by telescope named “EVENT HORIZON”. Maybe a white hole too get discovered in near future, maybe not?

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A report by Shekhar

How Probable Is The Probability?

Imagine one day you wake up with a bad feeling of not doing well, no major problems but just not feeling the same way how you would feel on any other day. You seek a doctor and he says that everything is absolutely fine, but since you were feeling unwell so he asks you to get a few tests so that he may get the idea if anything is causing you ill from inside and isn’t showing any visible symptoms. You get tested, and after a few days when the reports came back, the doctor finds something wrong and tells you that you have been detected with a very rare disease (just 0.1% of the world’s population suffers from it) which is really dangerous and makes all the stuff go wrong inside the body. You then ask the doctor about the authenticity of the test and the doctor assures with 99% probability of it being correct. Now, you would think that there is a 99% chance of you having that disease. But that is not the case. To know why, you have to dig into one of the excellent theorems of probability – The Bayes’ Theorem.

• The Bayes’ Theorem Simplified

➢Posterior

This tells you the probability of you having the disease after getting tested positive. The “A” signifies that you actually have the disease, given that you are tested positive for it which is signified by “B”.

➢Prior

This is the probability of you thinking to be tested positive before even getting test results, i.e. how likely you thought you would have the disease.

➢Likelihood

This is the probability of getting tests results as positive if you were having the disease.

➢Marginalization

The probability of the event occurring (i.e. testing positive). This term is actually a combination of 1.) Having the disease and correctly identified and 2.) Not having the disease and falsely identified.

The hardest part to figure is the “Prior” , and it is many times just a guess. But in your case the Prior can be taken as the frequency of the disease, i.e. 0.001  (0.1% as assumed previously). Now after plugging all other details:

We observe that we have a probability of 9% of having the disease even after testing positive for the same; this incredibly strange, isn’t it? This is a low figure as compared to what we presumed to be 99%! You might think this as some stupid concept that switches things like the way a magic whip does. But frankly speaking, this is just general common sense that is applied to mathematics.

For example, take a group of 1000 people. Let us suppose, one among them will have the disease and the test will identify it correctly. But the twist is that for the sample size of 1000 people we have taken, out of the other 999 people, to make up the 1%, ten (1% of 999 people is 10 people) will be falsely detected as positive! (Where 1% is the frequency of this disease)

So, from everyone who has a positive test result and you are selected at random, you are to be chosen from the group of 11 people (10 false + you). This brings us up to your chances of having the disease as 1 in 11, and that is 9%. This is real, isn’t it.

When Bayes came up with this, he didn’t think that it was a revolutionary thought and that it wasn’t worth publishing. Later, after his demise, the family members requested his juniors or assistants to go through his papers and check if anything worth publishing is left in these papers of brilliance. Believe it or not, there they found in his desolated papers this theorem of sheer excellence.

How Did Bayes come up with this idea?

Bayes used to sit with his back towards a square table, then asking one of his assistants to throw one ball on the table and he tried to guess the exact location of every ball. After the very first ball, he asked assistant whether the ball landed to the left or right, or to the front or behind of the very first ball; he kept continuing this as he jotted down everything. Hence, updating the location after each ball was thrown, trying to be more precise about the location of the first ball each time.

Bayes came up with the idea that this world could not be predicted up to utter precision but rather just could be updated time and again (say after every ball was thrown) to be closer to precision. When his juniors published this, he tried to explain the analogy with the example of a cave man- when the cave man saw the sunlight for the very first time, he might have thought of it as a quirk or an anomaly, but as the days passed, he would have realized how the Sun or this Earth works (by summing up the continuous evidences).

Bayes’ formula is not a one-time formula, but it is to be applied every time when we find out a new evidence. Now think of the very first illustration- now you go to a different doctor for checkup and a different lab to get tested. Guess What? you tested positive again! so now you will use the Bayes’ Formula once again to find out the actual probability, but with a bit of change. You will have to change the Prior part of formula because you already have one positive test.

After calculating these figures:

The final result comes out to be a 91%. i.e. there is a 91% chance of you being infected and getting the correct test report. But still the probability isn’t as high as the reported accuracy of the tests.

Thinking Of Practical Applications? Here Is The Answer

The Bayes’ theorem is used to create a modern filter or more precisely a spam filter which is also coined as “Bayes’ filter”.

It filters out an email as a spam or original and uses this above probability to check the viability of the email.

Bayes’ theorem tells us about how to upgrade with the new evidences and keep tweaking to move forward. Imagine a person with the 100% certainty about an outcome, while the other person having 0% certainty about the same outcome. According to Bayes, there is no sense of creating a debate between those two people on that specific topic as there is no possible room for a change and we won’t be able to come at a decision or won’t even encounter chance of one convincing the other of anything.

People think that how weakly intuitive they are about the analogy of Bayes’ theorem, but the reality is that people live in a strongly Bayesian world where anyone who faces continuous rejections, low wages or continuous descend builds up his or her intuition about it being certain as it had happened enough amount of times. Hence, you would not have any “Prior” (often termed as being hopeless) for that event and this will make it impossible for the event to happen.

What many usually miss is that how crucial their play is in determining the outcome of a thing. So, if we keep on thinking that something is 100% “true” or 100% “false” then we won’t be able to bring an about change for the same as no matter how many evidences we get, there will be no cumulative effect on that “100%”.

Bayes’ theorem suggests the idea of making changes. If you are performing an experiment for a long time and you aren’t seeing any favorable result, it’s high time to change! (Trying in a similar manner won’t increase the probability of it being possible)

Conclusion

› Bayes’ Theorem completely revolutionizes the vey basic concept of probability.

› Probability of any event heavily depends on how the person is performing it.

› New evidences may exceptionally change the probability outcomes.

› There can practically be nothing done to change a straight 100% or a 0%.

›  Every new evidence suggests about the progress of the experiment.

› Methods must be changed to obtain different outcomes (different than the ones which have been used for a long time now).

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Report by Sashit Vijay

वर्तमान राजनीतिक परिदृश्य में, जहां किसान सिर्फ और सिर्फ एक चुनावी मुद्दा बन कर रह गया है, वहां किसान दिवस की क्या अहमियत रह जाती है यह बताना तो मुश्किल है लेकिन वर्तमान समय में भी उस व्यक्ति कि एक बार चर्चा करना तो अनिवार्य है जिसने किसान और उससे जुड़े मुद्दों को कागजी फाइलों से निकाल कर संसद से लेकर सड़क तक एक ज्वलंत मुद्दा बना दिया। वह नेता जो किसानों के दिल के इतना करीब था, उनके मुद्दों से इतना जुड़ा हुआ था कि उसके जन्मदिन को देश ने किसान दिवस के रूप में मनाना शुरू कर दिया, हम बात कर रहे है भारत के पूर्व प्रधानमंत्री और देश के खेत खलिहानों से निकल कर संसद तक का सफर करने वाले किसानों के प्रिये नेता, चौधरी चरण सिंह की। चौधरी चरण सिंह ही वह व्यक्ति थे जिन्होंने किसान के जुड़े मुद्दों पर खुल कर बोलना शुरू किया और इसे चंद फाइलों से निकाल कर देश के राजनीतिक पटल पर कुछ इस तरह स्थापित किया कि आज भी देश का राजनीति और चुनाव बिना इस चूल्हे में अपने वादों की रोटी सेके आगे नहीं बढ़ पाता। हालांकि इसी सिक्के का दूसरा पहलू ये भी है कि चरण सिंह ने इस मुद्दे को भले ही इसलिए मुख्य पर्दे पर लाया हो क्युकी वो उस परिवेश से भली भांति परिचित थे और अपने तरफ़ से किसानों के बेहतरी के लिए पूरा प्रयास भी किया हो लेकिन उनको इस बात का तनिक भी अंदाजा नहीं रहा होगा कि किसानों का यह मुद्दा आने वाले दिनों में राजनीतिक दलों के सत्ता के भूख को मिटाने वाली एक रोटी मात्र बन कर रह जाएगी। चरण सिंह एक कांग्रेसी थे लेकिन इसके बावजूद भी पंडित नेहरू से उनके कई मुद्दों पर मतभेद थे और वो खुल कर कहा करते थे कि पंडित जी को किसानों के वास्तविक हालत और जमीनी हकीकत का तनिक भी अंदाजा नहीं है। यही नहीं जब पंडित नेहरू ने देश में सहकारी खेती को बढ़ावा देने का विचार किया तो चरण सिंह उनके विरोध में उतरने वाले सबसे मुखर आवाज थे, पंडित नेहरू को भी उनके कद का अंदाजा था और उन्होंने भी अपने इस विचार को जाने दिया। चरण सिंह कि विचारधारा आरंभ से ही शोषित,गरीब, मजदूरों और किसानों के हित से जुड़ी थी और इसका एक बहुत बड़ा प्रमाण तब मिला जब 1952 में उन्होंने जमींदारी उन्मूलन विधेयक पारित किया, इससे नाराज होकर उस समय करीब 27000 पटवारियों ने इस्तीफा दे दिया, लेकिन चरण सिंह इससे घबराए नहीं, उन्होंने नए तरीके से पटवारियों कि भरती शुरू कि जिन्हें आज लेखपाल कहा जाता है, इसमें उन्होंने 18% सीट हरिजनों के लिए आरक्षित किया। चरण सिंह को देश भले ही एक मजबूत प्रधानमंत्री के रूप में याद न रखे लेकिन एक सशक्त किसान नेता कि उनकी छवि हमेशा बनी रहेगी। आज जब देश में किसान और सरकार आमने सामने खड़ी है ऐसे में किसानों को एक मजबूत नेतृत्व के लिए चरण सिंह कि कमी जरूर खल रही होगी, एक ऐसे नेता कि कमी जो अपने किसी भी व्यक्तिगत स्वार्थ को दरकिनार कर किसानों के मुद्दों और उनके हितों के लिए किसी भी चुनौती से टकराने का माद्दा रखता हो। देश में जब वर्तमान परिस्थिति ऐसी हो कि एक साल में (2019 में) देश ने 10,281 किसान आत्महत्या करता है, अर्थात प्रत्येक घंटे करीब 1 किसान, उनके मसलों को सिर्फ एक चुनावी मुद्दा से आगे बढ़ा कर मुखर रूप से देश के पटल पर रखने के लिए और उसके समाधान के लिए देश एक मजबूत किसान नेता के कमी को निश्चित ही महसूस कर रहा है।
देश कि संसद ने 20 सितंबर 2020 को 3 कृषि विधेयक को पारित किया जो अब कानून बन चुके हैं, देश के कई हिस्सों में इसका विरोध होना शुरू हुआ, इन कानूनों को लेकर दोनो तरफ़ से अपने अपने पक्ष रखे जा रहे हैं, सरकार का कहना है कि देश की तकरीबन 70% आबादी प्रत्यक्ष अथवा परोक्ष रूप से कृषि पर आर्थिक रूप से निर्भर है, इसके बाबजूद भी अर्थवयवस्था में कृषि का योगदान मात्र 16% है, अतः इसके योगदान को बढ़ाने के लिए एक ‘टोटल रिफॉर्म’ कि जरूरत है और ये सारे कानून इस दिशा में एक महत्वपूर्ण कदम है, वहीं किसान संगठन इन कानूनों से अपने लिए पैदा होने वाले संकटों को लेकर आंदोलन कर रहे है। यह आवश्यक है कि दोनों तरफ के बातों को समझा जाए और फिर यह निर्णय लिया जाए की किस पक्ष को किस मुद्दे पर बात करनी चाहिए और किस प्रकार इस गतिरोध को खत्म किया जाए।
(1)कृषि उपज व्यापार और वाणिज्य (संवर्धन और सरलीकरण) कानून, 2020—- यह कानून किसानों और व्यापारियों को अपना फसल APMC के मंडियों के बाहर देश के किसी भी कोने में बेचने को छूट देती है, बिना किसी रोक टोक के वे एक राज्य से दूसरे राज्य में जा कर अपना फसल बेच सकते हैं, किसानों के लाभ को बढ़ाने के लिए मार्केटिंग और ट्रांसपोर्ट खर्च को कम किया जाएगा, अगर किसान मंडी के बाहर फसलों को बेचता है तो उस पर कोई टैक्स नहीं लगेगा, किसान बिना किसी बिचौलिए के अपना फसल बेच सकते हैं, मंडियों के इतर किसान अपना फसल सीधे कोल्ड स्टोरेज, वेयरहाउस अथवा प्रोसेसिंग यूनिट वालों को बेच सकते है तथा इलेक्ट्रॉनिक व्यापार को बढ़ाने के लिए एक सुविधाजनक ढांचा का विकास किया जाएगा।
(2)कृषक (सशक्तिकरण व संरक्षण) कीमत आश्वासन और कृषि सेवा पर करार कानून, 2020—- यह कानून देश में कॉन्ट्रैक्ट फार्मिंग को बढ़ावा देने के लिए एक बेहतर और राष्ट्रीय स्तर कि प्रणाली बनाए जाने कि बात करता है, इसके तहत छोटे किसान भी किसी बड़े निर्यातक, व्यापारी, फार्म अथवा कोल्ड स्टोरेज वालों से कॉन्ट्रैक्ट लेकर कृषि कर सकते है जिसमे उनके फसल कि कीमत पहले से ही निर्धारित होगी, फसल कि कीमत बढ़ने कि परिस्थिति में किसान को भुगतान नए बढ़े हुए कीमतों पर किया जाएगा, इस प्रकार किसान बाजार के अनिश्चितता के खतरो से बाहर रहेगा और उसे बीज कि आपूर्ति, तकनीकी मदद और फसल बीमा इत्यादि आसानी से प्राप्त होगी। इसके अतिरिक्त किसी भी तरह के विवाद को 30 दिनों के भीतर SDM के द्वारा हल किए जाने कि व्यवस्था कि गई है और साथ ही कृषक उत्पाद समूह (FPO) का निर्माण किया जाएगा जो छोटे किसानों के हितों की रक्षा करेगा।
(3) आवश्यक वस्तु (संशोधन) कानून, 2020—- इस कानून के मदद से अनाज, दलहन, तेलहन, खाद्य तेल, आलू और प्याज को युद्ध, प्राकृतिक आपदा, दामों में अत्यधिक वृद्धि जैसी आपातकालीन स्थिति को छोड़ कर कभी भी मनचाही मात्रा में भंडारित किया जा सकेगा अर्थात अब इन सब को आवश्यक वस्तुओं के सूची से बाहर कर दिया गया है। सरकार का कहना है कि इससे कृषि के आधारभूत ढांचे में निवेश बढ़ेगा, एक बेहतर बाजार का विकास होगा जिससे खाद्य वस्तुओं के बर्बादी को कम किया जा सकेगा।
ये तीनों ही कानून अपने आप में बेहतर मालूम पड़ते है और ऐसा लगता है कि कृषि क्षेत्र के आधारभूत संरचनाओं में परिवर्तन के लिए बेहतर साबित होंगे, लेकिन ऐसे में यह सवाल उठता है कि आखिर इन कानूनों का विरोध क्यों किया जा रहा है, ऐसे में तीनों कानूनों को लेकर किसान संगठनों के बीच जो डर है उन्हे समझना भी आवश्यक है, अतः यहां हम एक एक करके तीनों कानून को लेकर किसानों के रोष का कारण जानने का प्रयास करेंगे।

कृषि उपज व्यापार और वाणिज्य (संवर्धन और सरलीकरण) कानून, 2020

वर्तमान में FCI राज्य सरकार के साथ मिल कर बिचौलियों के मदद से मंडिया लगता है जहां किसान न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य पर अपना फसल बेचता है। सरकार फसल कटने से पहले CACP के सिफारिश पर न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य (MSP) कि घोषणा करती है, हालाकि सिर्फ 6% किसान ही अपना फसल MSP पर बेच पाते है। किसानों का कहना है कि नए कानून के आने से APMC कि मंडी बंद हो जाएगी और न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य भी खत्म कर दिया जाएगा। बाजार में निजी कंपनियों के आने से शुरुआत में तो किसानों को फायदा होगा लेकिन कुछ समय बाद बाजार पर निजी कंपनियों का ही एकाधिकार हो जाएगा और वो अपनी मनमानी शर्तों पर बाजार चलाएंगे। किसानों का यह डर वाजिब इस कारण भी प्रतीत होता है क्युकी जब बाजार में निजी कंपनी आएगी तो वो बड़ी कीमतों पर फसल खरीदेगी और ऐसे में कोई भी किसान मंडी में अनाज नहीं बेचेगा जिससे मंडी व्यवस्था धीरे धीरे कमजोर होगी और अंत में उसका हाल वहीं हो जाएगा तो निजी टेलीकॉम कंपनियों के आने से बीएसएनएल का हो गया। वैसी परिस्थिति में बाजार निजी कंपनियों के द्वारा नियंत्रित किया जाएगा और वो मनमानी कीमतों पर फसल खरीद करेंगे। चुकी मंडी में बेचने पर टैक्स लगता है और नए कानून के मुताबिक बाहर बेचने पर टैक्स नहीं लगेगा, इसलिए सब कोई अपना फसल मंडी के बाहर ही बेचेंगे जिससे मंडियों का ढांचा कमजोर होगा और ये बंद होने के कगार पर पहुंच जाएगी। नए कानून में एमएसपी का जिक्र ना होने से किसान घबराए हुए है, हालाकि यह सच है कि एमएसपी कभी भी कानून नहीं था, सरकार स्वामीनाथन आयोग के सिफारिशों के अनुसार हर साल एमएसपी की घोषणा करती है, अब किसान चाहते हैं कि एमएसपी को लेकर कानून बनाया जाए जिससे ये सुनिश्चित हो सके कि निजी कंपनियां अपने मनमानी कीमतों पर फसल ना खरीद पाए।

कृषक (सशक्तिकरण व संरक्षण) कीमत आश्वासन और कृषि सेवा पर करार कानून, 2020

इस कानून को लाकर कॉन्ट्रैक्ट फार्मिंग को बढ़ावा देने कि बात कि गई है लेकिन किसानों का कहना है कि छोटे किसान,जिनकी संख्या भारत के कुल किसानों का लगभग 85% है, ये किसान प्रायोजकों से बात चीत करने में, अपनी राय रखने में तथा फसलों के खरीद बिक्री पर चर्चा करने में कमजोर होंगे, उनका ये भी कहना है कि बड़ी कंपनियां शायद छोटे किसानों को तबज्जों ना दे और चुकी मंडी बंद होने का डर उन्हें है ही, ऐसे में छोटे किसानों के पास अपनी फसल कम कीमत पर या यूं कहे कि कंपनियों के शर्तों पर बेचने के अलावा और कोई रास्ता नहीं होगा, साथ ही किसी भी तरह के विवाद के परिदृश्य में किसानों के मुकाबले प्रायोजक मजबूत स्थिति में होंगे। चुकी विवादों के निपटारे के लिए एसडीएम के पास शिकायत करने का विकल्प दिया गया है लेकिन किसानों को डर है कि ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में बड़ी कंपनियां और अधिकारी आपस में मिली भगत करके किसानों के हक को दवा सकते है ऐसे में विवादों के निपटारे का कोई ठोस विकल्प किसानों के सामने नहीं सूझता है।

 आवश्यक वस्तु (संशोधन) कानून, 2020

इस कानून के मदद से अनाज, दलहन, तेलहन, खाद्य तेल, आलू और प्याज जैसी वस्तुओं को आवश्यक वस्तुओं के सूची से बाहर रखा गया है और सामान्य दिनों में इनका अब किसी भी हद तक भंडारण किया जा सकता है, अब ऐसे में कंपनियां, कोल्ड स्टोरेज या वेयरहाउस वाले लोग बाजार को अपने हिसाब से नियंत्रित करेंगे, साधारण सी बात है जो बाजार पर नियंत्रण रखेगा वो दाम पर नियंत्रण करेगा, मनचाही भंडारण के सूरत में किसानों को कम कीमत पर फसल बेचने पर मजबूर किया जा सकता है साथ है बाजार में उन्ही सामानों को मनचाही कीमतों पर बेचा जा सकता है।
कई जगहों पर ऐसा कहा जा रहा है कि इन कानूनों का विरोध कुछ चुनिद्दा राज्यों में ही क्यों हो रहा है, उसका कारण यह है कि पंजाब, हरियाणा, राजस्थान ये अब वैसे राज्य है जहां ज्यादातर किसान एमएसपी की कीमतों पर सरकारी मंडी में जा कर अनाज बेचते है, अतः उन्हें एमएसपी और मंडी का डर सबसे ज्यादा है और वे मुखर रूप से इसका विरोध कर रहे हैं। बिहार में इन मंडियो को खत्म करने से उत्पन्न दुष्परिणाम देश के सामने है, दूसरे राज्य के किसानों को भी ऐसा ही डर सता रहा है और इसी कारण से ये लोग तीनों कृषि कानूनों को वापस लेने, एमएसपी के ऊपर कानून बनाए जाने, स्वामीनाथन आयोग के सिफारिश को पूरी तरह से लागू करने, एनसीआर और उससे जुड़े क्षेत्रों में एयर क्वालिटी मैनेजमेंट से जुड़े अध्यादेश को रद्द करने, कृषि कार्यों में उपयोग होने वाले डीजल के दाम में 50% कि कटौती करने आदि मांगो को लेकर देश भर में और विशेष कर दिल्ली से सटे सिंघू बॉर्डर पर आंदोलन कर रहे हैं।
किसानों के आंदोलन के जवाब में सरकार के तरफ से कई तरह कि सफाई दी गई और बातचीत भी कि गई लेकिन अभी तक सभी कोशिश नाकाम ही साबित हुई है। सरकार का कहना है कि एमएसपी जारी रहेगी और इसके उपर वो लिखित में देने को भी तैयार है साथ कि एपीएमसी कि मंडी भी लगती रहती और किसान अगर चाहे तो एमएसपी पर अपनी फसल मंडी में भी बेच सकते है, नए कानून सिर्फ किसानों को अपना फसल बेचने के लिए नए रास्ते प्रदान करता है, इससे मंडिया बंद नहीं होगी। इसके साथ ही सरकार का कहना है कि कॉन्ट्रैक्ट फार्मिंग के सूरत में किसान फसल कि कीमत अपने अनुसार बिना किसी दवाब के तय करेगा और पैसों का भुगतान उसे 3 दिन के भीतर हो जाएगा, साथ ही छोटे किसानों के हितों के रक्षा के लिए किसान संगठनों का निर्माण भी किया जाएगा, इसके अतिरिक्त फसल खरीदने वाली कंपनियां खुद खेतों से फसल ले जाएगी किसानों को किसी भी प्रकार का का खर्च यातायात के साधनों में नहीं करना पड़ेगा और किसी भी प्रकार के विवाद के निपटारे के लिए स्थानीय स्तर पर पारदर्शी ढांचा का विकास किया जाएगा। हालांकि सरकार के इन वादों के बावजूद किसान संगठन अपनी मांग छोड़ने को राजी नहीं है और मजबूती से अपने मांगो को लेकर आंदोलन में डटे हुए हैं।
ऐसा नहीं है कि इस प्रकार के कृषि कानून देश में पहली बार लाए गए है, इससे पहले साल 2017 में भी एक इसी तरह का कृषि कानून लाया गया था जिसमें साल 2022 तक किसानों कि आय दो गुनी करने के लक्ष्य से कई तरह के प्रावधान किए गए थे। लेकिन ऐसे में बड़ा सवाल यह है कि आखिर इन नए कृषि कानूनों में ऐसा क्या हो गया कि अन्नदाता आज अपनी मांग को दिन रात एक कर के सड़क पर बैठा है। वह किसान जो चुनावी मौसम में एक ऐसा घोड़ा होता है जिस पर सवार हो कर हर कोई अपनी राजनीतिक महतवाकांक्षा कि रेस को जितना चाहता है, आज उसकी आवाज को दिल्ली के कानों तक पहुंच क्यों नहीं रही है? आखिर क्यों उसका भरोसा अपनी ही चुनी हुई सरकार और उसी सरकार द्वारा किसानों के हित कि बात कहकर लाए गए कानून पर नहीं है? यह निश्चित तौर पर सरकार और किसानों के बीच संचार कि कमी का परिणाम है। यह तय करने का वक्त नहीं है कि कौन अपने जगह कितना सही और कितना गलत है, यह समय है जल्द से जल्द किसानों और सरकार के बीच टूट चुकी भरोसे के बांध को फिर से खड़ा करने कि जो कि लगातार बातचीत से ही संभव है। यह बेहद आवश्यक है कि अन्नदाता और सरकार के बीच विश्वास कि डोर बंधी रहे। किसान अपने खेत में हल पकड़े ही अच्छा लगता है, दिल्ली कि सड़कों पर अपनी मांग के लिए हाथ उठाया हुआ बिल्कुल भी नहीं। सरकार जितनी जल्दी इनका विश्वास, भरोसा,यकीन जीत कर और आवश्यक कदम उठा कर इन्हे इनकी खेतों के तरफ भेज दे, देश के लिए उतना ही अच्छा होगा, बाकी चुनाव आते ही किसान हितों के बात कि चूल्हा तो फिर से गर्म होगी ही और आज किसानों के बिरयानी खाने से जिनको दिक्कत है वो भी और जिनको नहीं है वो भी, दोनों अपनी भूख मिटाने के लिए राजनीति कि रोटी इसी चूल्हे में सेकेंगे। बाकी हमारे और आपके लिए ये बेहद आवश्यक है कि हम अपनी भूमिका तय करे और इस पूरे प्रकरण में अपने आप को कहां खरा पाते है ये सुनिश्चित करे, इसलिए नहीं कि आज किसान दिवस है, इसलिए कि हमारे और आपके शरीर का एक एक बूंद खून इन किसानों के पसीनों से बना है। यह आवश्यक नहीं है कि सभी मुद्दों पर हम किसान के साथ खड़े हो या फिर सभी मुद्दों पर सरकार के साथ खड़े हो, आवश्यक ये है कि हम हितों के रक्षा में और सच के साथ हमेशा खड़े रहे।
जय जवान ! जय किसान !

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Report By: Devesh Kumar

National Mathematics Day is celebrated on December 22 to commemorate the birth anniversary of India’s mathematical genius Srinivasa Ramanujan. For the budding mathematicians of the country, who want to pursue the field but are unable to continue their higher education due to lack of funds, here is a list of institutes and organisations which offer scholarships and fellowships for students aspiring to make a career in mathematics.

Institute of Mathematical Sciences

It provides doctoral, postdoctoral fellowships for undergraduate, and postgraduate students. The junior research fellowships are awarded to PhD students. The fellowships include a month-long stipend ranging from Rs 25,000 to 28,000. While, for post-doctoral fellowships, the stipend varies between Rs 30,000 to 40,000 a month.

For both junior research, postdoctoral fellowships, applicants need to have a PhD. The fellowships are awarded for up to five years, the duration can be extended based on the candidate’s performance. The candidates are selected through a written test and interview.

Chennai Mathematical Institute

It offers a scholarship programme for its undergraduate programme. The candidates’ eligibility will be reviewed every semester and renewal of scholarship will depend on their academic performance.

The students eligible for a full scholarship will get a waiver on tuition fees and a monthly allowance of Rs 4000, while a half scholarship will consist of tuition fees being waived. Meanwhile, all students will receive an additional monthly scholarship of Rs 1000.

Indian Statistical Institute

It offers six months research fellowships at the postgraduate and postdoctoral levels. The candidates in their first and second year will get a stipend of Rs 16,000 while Rs 18,000 in the subsequent years. The candidates with a postgraduate degree in statistics, mathematics, electronics, computer science can apply for the programme. The interested candidates can mail their applications at scc@isical.ac.in.

Indian Institute of Science (IISc Bangalore)

It offers an integral PhD programme in mathematical sciences. The fellowship amount offered varied between Rs 16,000 to 35,000 as per the merit of the students. Apart from it, the institute offered fellowships of Rs 31,000 to 35,000 to PhD students, Rs 12,400 to MTech, MTech (residential), MDes programme students. The institute also provides government scholarships, fellowships for selected students who are GATE/JEST/JAM and ME/MTech/MSc (Engg) qualified.

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR)

The Centre For Applicable Mathematics, TIFR has an integrated PhD programme in mathematics, among other doctoral programme. For the integrated PhD programme, the eligible students receive a monthly fellowship of Rs 21,000, while fellowships between Rs 31,000 to 35,000 for other PhD students. The fellowship students also get accommodation facilities. The admission process usually commences in August every year.

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With inputs from The Indian Express

 

Is it real?

According to the general theory of relativity by Albert Einstein, gravity is nothing more than an imagination or illusion defined by us. Let’s debunk the theories or prove ourselves wrong in this piece of writing. Albert Einstein once said that one of his most satisfying works was his thought of the man falling off of a roof (he was not a sadist though). His observations were quirky and appealing. He observed that when a man is falling from the roof, he wouldn’t feel his own weight and that while falling if he drops something that he was holding or observed something that was falling along with him, the items would be stationary with respect to him and that they will fall with same the speed as the man.

Seeing it the way Einstein saw it

Try imagining that you were in a space shuttle in the outer space. Since there is no noticeable gravity there, you will feel weightless ,and anything that you exert force on will continue to move with a uniform with velocity in a straight line indefinitely.

The fun fact is that you will perfectly suffice the soul boundaries of inertial observer, i.e.

• No acceleration
• No gravitational field
• All the laws of physics are applicable

Hence, no way to distinguish your inertial frame from any other. Here comes the climax. Einstein saw these two scenarios to be exactly the same, not only equivalent on papers, but also in physical terms. Stating this, he said that man falling from roof is under no gravitational field and that there is no gravitational field! He said that the man is not accelerating and that he is an inertial observer like the man in outer space.

Woah, what?

Wait, hold up! Are you crazy boy? The man is clearly falling from roof under the influence of gravity and that he is accelerating with 9.8 m/s². With every second passing by, the man would crash harder into the ground, making him realize that things like gravity are real!

I know that these two scenarios might seem way different, but Einstein’ Equivalence Principle points out the portion we need to look out for- The Experience Of The Observer. It is the restatement of the fact that if they feel weightless, then they surely are in the inertial frame of reference.

Now, let’s say that the space shuttle (which we talked about earlier) comes near a planet or any such planetary mass (with appropriate mass). The straight path of the rocket would be disturbed and it will change its course slightly towards the planet. The fun fact is that for the man inside there is no force experienced by him even though the shuttle would be moving with an increasing velocity as it moves closer to the planet. The man in it would be unconscious of this fact. The man still feels ‘weightless’ and for him there is nothing erratic about the journey. Even the accelerometer wouldn’t budge a bar and that the man wouldn’t notice until he crashes onto the planet (his frame is inertial up to the point he crashes). So, can you tell when the switch of frame from inertial to non-inertial happened.

But wait… So

How do you explain the deviation of path in first place?

Are you out of your brain cells? The rocket obviously swayed from its path due the gravitational field of the planet. (or not… maybe… let’s see.)

Here comes the fun, Einstein once explained the phenomena of ‘curved space-time’.  Initially, let’s concentrate on what the man in space shuttle felt – movement with constant velocity in a straight line. As he went nearer to the planet, the path curved, or did it? The crux lies in the fact that he was still in a straight line of the space-time plot, and that near such masses, the space-time graph is curved.

This is the sole reason his path appeared curved to a distant observer.

As Quirky as it could get

You can imagine it in an easier way. The plane tries to accomplish the journey with the shortest route possible, moving in straight line on the globe, but since our planet is a sphere (I know it’s geoid, but let’s keep it simple here), the path appears to be curved when seen on a 2-D representation of earth (basically on world map, written in a complex way to make the article seem nicer.)

These curved paths are called ‘Geodesics’, and the same notation is used to name the curved path followed by the shuttle in the inertial frame of reference. Imagine another scenario. You and your friends, who are 1000km apart in equator travel to north pole in a straight line.

You both will eventually bump into each other at north pole, coming closer as if there was a force acting on you, but you didn’t feel it at all. Gravity is analogous to that force. It doesn’t actually exist!

People think that the bent sheet experiment can explain the special theory of relativity, but it is pretty much misleading instead. It makes us resemble a lighter body falling in the space-time well created by a heavier body, but what we should be thinking is a bit different. It is due to the fact that the space-time is curved around heavy masses that the body starts moving circularly, and not because it is falling into the well.

The quotes by John Wheeler best define the situation, “Matter tells Space-Time how to curve, and the Space-Time tells matter how to move.”

Going Shallow:

Imagine the space shuttle once again. Let’s say that the shuttle starts acceleration with an acceleration of 10m/s². To a distant observer it would seem as if the floor of the shuttle is accelerating into the objects inside it which would presumably be stationary to the observer. Different is the case with the one inside, the observer inside the shuttle would feel a force against that accelerating floor. Isn’t it similar to what we feel on earth? Let me tell you the answer… it is.

As a reader, do you believe that you are an inertial observer, or that you are in an inertial frame of reference? No. The situation you face, or I face is pretty much like the one faced by an observer on that accelerating shuttle, and by pretty much alike, I mean exactly the same, gravity doesn’t exist and you are or we are accelerating! Wrap your head around as it is going to get even crazier.

What The Force!

According to the Newtonian Physics, each body faces an equal and opposite normal force in reaction to the one applied by the gravitational acceleration. The theory of special relativity defies it. According to theory of relativity, there is no such force by the gravity and that there is only a normal, which accelerate you upwards. But I am not moving up or going anywhere around? So, let’s say for a moment that you were moving around due to this acceleration, but relative to what? Everything else around you, say table, fan, floor etc. are in the same frame of reference and that is not inertial. (Relative to everything in the train, you are not accelerating while sitting in it.) So who can see this acceleration? Remember that guy who was falling from the roof, he was in the inertial frame of reference and he could see you moving up with an acceleration of 10 m/s².

So if everything is moving up with us, am I implying that the earth is expanding? No, absolutely not. Here comes the theory of relativity to fill the loop-holes, according to which, it is possible that you can accelerate without changing your spatial co-ordinates. According to the double derivative equation of position for space-time, you need to accelerate, just to stand still in curved space-time.

All of this must be mind boggling, and yes Newtonian physics is easier, but this theory of relativity can explain one of the most basic questions that why all objects fall with the same rate. The way of understanding this was that the gravitational force equals the external force (force = mass*acceleration).

This way we cancel out the mass of the body from both sides of the equation as you can see and the accelerations remains the same. The twisting thing here is that the mass on the left side of the equation, is the gravitational mass (mass that leads to the experience of a gravitational field), while on the right is the inertial mass, then why these two conceptually different properties are numerically equal.

With years of experimenting, scientists have proven that these two types of mass are really the same. Here is the thing about the general relativity theory, there are no such mysteries, all the things fall the same way because they are just following a straight line in the space time and not accelerating.

Einstein really had something wrong in his head. This was as much shocking in 1915 as it is to you guys now. Being a super-human as he was, he came up with a measurable prediction to prove his works. He claimed that if we shone a lit ray from one end of the shuttle to the another (while shuttle was accelerating), the light must bend (the photon leaving at this instant would reach after a certain time to the other end, making up to only the lower point on the other side, hence not a straight line). Although this observation was really microscopic, but it baffled scientists. This showed that an accelerating frame of reference will bend light! Pretty cool, isn’t it ?

So, Einstein reasoned that light must also bend while it passes a large mass. Does it ring any bell? (supposedly with the name ‘black hole’ it might) Well we can talk about it in the next article.

What’s Next with theory of relativity?

The theory of relativity has answered almost all the virtually asked questions, but there are some which haven’t been answered, which aren’t yet logistically feasible to carry out. Let’s talk about one, and let others know in the comments what you think (who knows, maybe you are the one to crack this later). We know that accelerating charges radiate electromagnetic radiation. So here is one conceptually simpler test – comparing the behavior of a stationary in a gravitational field to a free-falling one. According to the theory of relativity, the free-falling charge is moving in a straight line and hence, no acceleration is there; while the one that is stationary must be acceleration to be standing still, and hence it must radiate radiation. So, what do you think will radiate electromagnetic radiation, the stationary one or the free falling one?

So, what do you think? Is gravity an illusion?

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Report By: Sashit Vijay

The Uttar Pradesh government on Saturday made 10 years of medical service mandatory for post-graduation medical students in the state health department. Anyone failing to complete the mandatory service period and leaving the service would be fined Rs 1 crore.

The announcement was made by Principal Secretary (Health), UP, Amit Mohan Prasad on Saturday. Declaring that if PG medical students in the state drop out of the government job before completing 10 years, they will be fined Rs 1 crore, Amit Mohan Prasad also said that such students will be debarred from the course for the next three years.

UP Government mandates 10 years of service in the department for medical students undergoing Post graduation course in the state. Anyone failing to do so has to pay a fine amount of Rs 1 crore: Amit Mohan Prasad, Principal Health Secretary

— ANI UP (@ANINewsUP) December 12, 2020

According to reports, this decision by the Uttar Pradesh government was taken to deal with the shortage of specialist doctors in state-run hospitals and medical establishments.

Moreover, with the present order, those MBBS doctors who have been serving in rural areas for a year would be given a weightage of 10 marks in NEET for PG courses. Similarly, those who are serving for two years in rural areas would get a weightage of 20 marks and those who have completed three years of service in rural areas would get a benefit of 30 marks. These doctors would also be allowed to take admission in any diploma along with a PG course.

In 2018, the Uttar Pradesh government had introduced two years Compulsory Rural Service Bond also in medical courses.

As per the guidelines, MBBS/BDS students must fill a designated bond of Rs 10 lakh, MD/MS students Rs 40 lakh, PG Diploma/MDS students Rs 20 Lakh, and DM/MCh students Rs 1 crore, in case any medical student acts contrary to the bond.

This rule was passed in compliance with the National Medical Commission (NMC) Bill which was passed to replace the Medical Council of India (MCI) with a new body.

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Coffee Day Enterprises Ltd. (CDEL) on 7th December, 2020 said Malvika Hegde, wife of late founder V G Siddhartha, has been appointed as the company’s CEO and will be in effect from December 31, 2020.

Siddhartha was found dead in August 19 and since then the group has been facing pressure to repay the debts of Rs 3,535 crore. Siddhartha was one of the biggest names in the coffee industry and his Amalgamated Bean Coffee Trading Co. Ltd and Coffee Day Global Ltd had provided jobs for over 100,000 people directly and indirectly. But rising debt and alleged harassment by income tax officials forced the 59-year old to take his own life last July that sent the company he founded into a downward spiral.

Malvika Hegde was a non executive director of the company before being appointed Chief Executive Officer. She joined the board of company in July and in a letter to the company she wrote that she will be preserving the future of company. She further addressed “We will work to reduce the debt to a manageable level by selling a few more investments as I am committed to the company’s future”. She is a graduate from university of Bengaluru in engineering and will now be incharge for at least five years. How can we miss the appreciation she deserves here? She has managed to reduce the debt even during lockdown and the CDEL group with full trust and confidence is now relying on Mrs Malvika Hegde to further reduce the debts and bring back the company on track.
In the regulatory filing Company said C. H. Vasudhara Devi, Giri Devanur and Mohan Raghavendra Kondi have been appointed as additional directors in the capacity of Non-Executive Independent Directors from 31 December 2020 up till 30 December 2025 subject to the approval of shareholders.

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Report by Avantika Gurjar

Siddhant Batra, an 18-year-old student who is from Agra had scored an all India rank of 270 at JEE. He lost his seat for a B.Tech Electrical Engineering course at IIT Bombay by inadvertently clicking on a wrong link which was meant for withdrawing the application. SC came to the rescue of the student on Wednesday by permitting him to join and pursue his classes.

A bench headed by Justice S.K. Kaul took note of the submissions of lawyer Pralhad Paranjpe on behalf of the student and asked the IIT Bombay to grant provisional admission to him.

The bench of judges comprising of Justice Dinesh Maheshwari and Justice Hrishikesh Roy, said, “There is something known as common sense too, why would a meritorious student who had already got admission want to cancel it?” Justice Kaul also said, “All three of us have discussed. We are all in ad idem (meeting of minds)”.

They issued a notice to the institution and fixed the plea of Siddhant for hearing after winter break. Paranjpe said the admission would be subject to the final decision of the apex court on the plea of the student.

The plea was filed in the apex court after the Bombay High Court consisting of a division bench of Chief Justice Dipankar Datta and Justice G S Kulkarni on 23 November dismissed it. It cited the submissions of the IIT to restore his seat saying it cannot intervene at this stage as all the seats for the course were full and they had to follow admission rules. It also said that Siddhant could apply again next year for JEE (Advanced).

In his petition to the SC, Batra had sought a direction to the IIT to consider his case on humanitarian grounds. He mentioned how he had lost his father and his mother too, and he worked hard to eliminate all the obstacles to earn this seat only to lose it to a wrong click!

He requested the creation of an additional seat to undo his loss.

According to the plea filed by him through advocate Pralhad Paranjpe, to the top court focused, while filling out the admission process online, he came upon a page with ‘freeze’ option, which he thought meant confirming the seat and the completion of his admission process. The petition said, “On October 31, 2020, when he was surfing the IIT portal to check for further updates, he came upon a link which carried a declaration that read ‘I would like to withdraw from the seat allocation process of JoSAA (Joint Seat Allocation Authority)’.”

When the final list of students was uploaded on the IIT portal, in November 2020, his name was excluded. The IIT, in its order, however, said the withdrawal option was a “conscious” two-step process. Sonal Jain, the IIT counsel said, Batra had frozen his seat which as per rules alone indicated that he didn’t want to proceed for further rounds. He quoted rules of business for the admission process which said candidates who want to withdraw before the final round can do so and the ‘seat acceptance fee’ gets refunded, adding that once a candidate has withdrawn then his or her seat stands cancelled.

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A blog by Ruqayya Asif

1971 का साल था।
बांग्लादेश यानी तब के पूर्वी पाकिस्तान में पश्चिमी पाकिस्तान के हुक्मरानों के आदेश पर भीषण नरसंहार जारी था, मुक्ति वाहिनी भारतीय सेनाओं के अप्रत्यक्ष सहयोग के साथ पाकिस्तान के रक्तरंजित इरादों का जवाब देने में लगी हुई थी। बांग्लादेश को पाकिस्तान के चंगुल से आजाद कराने को कृतसंकल्पित तब की इंदिरा गांधी सरकार ने भारतीय सेनाओं को युद्ध के लिए तैयार रहने के निर्देश दे दिए थे। युद्ध का ऐलान किसी भी वक़्त हो सकता था। इसी बीच पाकिस्तान सेना के नियंत्रकों को इनपुट मिली कि भारत ने अपने पूर्वी सीमा पर फौजी ताकत बढ़ा रखी है, ऐसे में पश्चिमी सीमा पर कम सैन्य शक्ति होने का अनुमान था। और इसी अनुमान के दम पर पाकिस्तान ने 3 दिसम्बर 1971 के दोपहर भारत के कई एयरबेसों पर हवाई हमला कर दिया। पाकिस्तानी एयरफोर्स ने इसे ‘ऑपरेशन चंगेज खां’ नाम दिया और तीन अलग-अलग फॉर्मेशन में पाकिस्तान के कुल 51 बमवर्षक विमानों ने भारतीय वायु सीमा में प्रवेश किया। अमृतसर, अंबाला, आगरा, अवंतिपुर, बीकानेर, हलवारा, जोधपुर, जैसलमेर, पठानकोट, भुज, उतरलाई और श्रीनगर के एयरबेसों के साथ-साथ अमृतसर और फ़रीदकोट के डिफेंस रडार इंस्टालेशन्स को भी निशाना बनाया गया। हालांकि बिना प्लानिंग और सटीकता के किये गए इस हमले में भारत के कुछ एयरफील्डस को ही नुकसान पहुंचा, जिसे उसी रात ठीक कर लिया गया।

इस कायराना हमले को भारत की सरकार ने ‘एक्ट ऑफ वॉर’ माना और उसी शाम प्रधानमंत्री इंदिरा गांधी ने रेडियो पर देश के नाम अपने संदेश में युद्ध के ऐलान
पर मुहर लगा दी। 3 दिसम्बर की देर रात ही भारतीय एयरफोर्स ने इस हमले का मुंहतोड़ जवाब दिया।

भारतीय नौसेना (Indian Navy) का हमला

तीन दिसंबर की दोपहर हुए हवाई हमले के बाद भारत ने बेहद आक्रमक रुख अख्तियार कर लिया। इसी कड़ी में दिल्ली स्थित भारतीय नौसेना मुख्यालय और पश्चिमी नेवल कमांड ने मिलकर पाकिस्तान के करांची बंदरगाह पर हमले की योजना बनाई। और इसी के साथ शुरू हुआ ऑपरेशन ट्राइडेंट।

ऑपरेशन ट्राइडेंट (Operation Trident)

भारत की ओर से हमले का नेतृत्व कर रहे थे कमांडर बबरु भान यादव और नेवी के इस ’25वीं मिसाइल बोट स्क्वाडरन’ के मारक दस्ते में शामिल थीं तीन विद्युत-क्लास मिसाइल बोट। सोवियत में बने SS-N-2B स्टिक्स सतह से सतह पर मार करने वाली मिसाइलों से लैश आईएनएस निपात, आईएनएस निर्घट और आईएनएस वीर नाम की इन तीन मिसाइल बोटों को एस्कोर्ट करने की जिम्मेदारी थी आईएएनएस किल्टन और आईएनएस कत्चल नाम की दो अर्नाला-क्लास एंटी-पनडुब्बी जंगी जहाजो पर। इस बेड़े में आखिरी जहाज था फ्लीट टैंकर आईएनएस पोषक। 4 दिसम्बर को दिन में ही ये जंगी बेड़ा कराची एयरपोर्ट से 250 नॉटिकल मिल यानी 460 किलोमीटर की दूरी पर पहुंच चुका था। पाकिस्तानी के सर्विलांस रेंज से दूर और पाकिस्तानी एयरफोर्स के बमवर्षकों के रात में हमला करने में सक्षम न होने की जानकारी से लैश भारतीय खेमा दिन ढ़लने का इंतजार कर रहा था।

शाम होते ही भारतीय विध्वंसकों ने अपनी पोजिशन ले ली और पाकिस्तानी समयानुसार रात ठीक 10 बजकर 45 मिनट पर आईएनएस निर्घट ने पाकिस्तानी बैटल क्लास डिस्ट्रॉयर जहाज पीएनएस खैबर पर पहली स्टिक्स मिसाइल दाग दी। पाकिस्तानी जहाज के सिस्टम ने इसे हवाई हमला समझ कर अपना एंटी एयरक्राफ्ट डिफेंस सिस्टम डिप्लॉय किया पर तब तक देर हो चुकी थी। थोड़ी ही देर में निर्घट ने इस जहाज पर दूसरी मिसाइल दागी जिसके इंपैक्ट के कुछ देर बाद ही ख़ैबर समंदर के गहराइयों में समा गया।

उधर आईएनएस निपात ने पाकिस्तानी सेना के लिए विस्फोटक ले जा रही कार्गो शिप एमवी वीनस चैलेंजर और उसकी एस्कॉर्ट सी-क्लास डिस्ट्रॉयर पीएनएस शाह जहां को निशाना बनाया। आईएनएस वीर ने पाकिस्तानी नौसेना के माइनस्वीपर पीएनएस मुहाफ़िज़ पर इतना सटीक हमला किया कि वो नेवल हेडक्वार्टर को आपातकालीन सिग्नल भेजने के पहले ही डूब गया।

भारतीय नौसेना यहीं नही रुकी, आईएनएस निपात करांची हार्बर की तरफ आगे बढ़ा और वहां मौजूद केमारी ऑयल स्टोरेज फील्ड पर दो मिसाइल दागे। इस हमले के बाद पूरा ऑयल डिपो कई दिनों तक जलता रहा और पाकिस्तान में ईंधन की भारी कमी हो गई। पाकिस्तान की कमर तोड़ने के बाद भारतीय नौसेना के रण-बांकुरे नजदीकी भारतीय बंदरगाहों पर लौट गए।

इसी शौर्य की अमिट कहानी की याद में भारतीय नौसेना हर साल 4 दिसंबर को भारतीय नौसेना दिवस मनाती है।

रक्षा मामलों के विशेषज्ञ बताते हैं कि ये हमला इतना भयानक था कि पाकिस्तानी नेवी के बचे हुए जहाज़ और सैनिक अपनी जान बचा कर ग्वादर बन्दरगाह की तरफ भाग खड़े हुए। इस हमले से पैदा हुए खौफ़ के स्तर का अंदाजा इससे लगाइए की 6 दिसंबर को पाकिस्तानी वायुसेना ने भारतीय जहाज़ समझ कर अपने ही युद्धपोत पीएनएस जुल्फिकार पर मिसाइल दाग दिए।

इस हमले के बाद 8 और 9 दिसम्बर को भारतीय नौसेना ने पाकिस्तान के पोर्ट्स पर पुनः हमला किया और बाद में आईएनएस विक्रांत को डुबाने के इरादे से निकले सबमरीन पीएनएस गाजी को भी समंदर में दफना दिया।

4 और 5 दिसंबर की दरम्यानी रात ओखा पोर्ट से करांची के लिए गए भारतीय दल को ऑपरेशन के उपरांत कई इनामों से नवाजा गया। ऑपरेशन के नेतृत्वकर्ता कमांडर बबरु भान यादव को महावीर चक्र और आईएनएस निपात, निर्घट और वीर के कमांडर्स को वीर चक्र प्रदान किया गया। बिनी किसी क्षति के किया गया ये ऑपरेशन आधुनिक दौर में भी विश्व की नौसेनाओं के लिए एक मिसाल है।

आज भारतीय नेवी विश्व के अग्रणी नौसेनाओं में सुमार होती है। भारतीय नौसेना दिवस पर हमारे नौसैनिकों को नमन। अरब सागर में 4 दिसम्बर की रात भारतीय जहाजों के पराक्रम का इतिहास हर भारतीय को सदियों तक गौरवान्वित करता रहेगा।

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